Low Birth Weight Increases Type 2 Diabetes Risk

A number of related factors could alert physicians to a greater likelihood that a patient who had low birth weight is at greater risk…

A new study of more than 3,000 women confirms that low birthweight predicts an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood and reports which intermediating biomarkers appear to be the best predictors. The research could help physicians better assess patient risk.

Studies consistently show that people born weighing 6 pounds or less face an increased risk for type 2 diabetes as adults. A new study not only confirms that risk in a sample of more than 3,000 women, but also shows the relative predictive value of different biomarkers, giving doctors potential new tools for understanding individual risk among low-birth weight women.

The findings also could help guide researchers trying to tease out which physiological processes might be sent awry by low-birth weight, ultimately leading to type 2 diabetes.
Senior author Dr. Simin Liu, professor of epidemiology and medicine at Brown University added that, “We are trying to understand what proportion of the risk attributable to low birthweight can indeed be explained by these biochemical intermediates, to understand the relative importance of each pathway.”

The published research, drew on the detailed health records of participants in the Women’s Health Initiative, a huge study supported by the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Liu’s team focused on 1,259 women who developed type 2 diabetes and 1,790 otherwise similar women who did not.

Overall the data showed that low birthweight (less than 6 pounds) portended a 2.15 times greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to women born between 8 and 10 pounds. This risk calculation adjusted for a variety of other possible confounding variables such as smoking, drinking, exercise, diet, body-mass index, race, ethnicity, and family history of diabetes. Compared to women born between 6 and 8 pounds, low birthweight women had a risk that was 1.27 times greater.

The study also looked at the relative predictive value, measured in percentages, of various readily measurable biomarkers. Among them insulin resistance contributed most strongly (accounting for 47 percent), which is not surprising because insulin resistance is a core component of diabetes. High levels of E-selectin, a marker of problems with blood vessel lining, accounted for 25 percent, low levels of sex-hormone binding globulin contributed 24 percent, and high systolic blood pressure’s mediation emerged at 8 percent from the statistical analysis.

Each of these calculations also controlled for potential confounding variables. Percentages do not add to 100 because some pathways of the risk factors may overlap.
They concluded that, “These prospective data provide quantifiable mechanistic evidence linking low birthweight to increased risk of type 2 diabetes, while presenting risk stratification in a population at greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.”

Practice Pearls:

• Low birthweight predicts an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood.
• Low birthweight (less than 6 pounds) portended a 2.15 times greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to women born between 8 and 10 pounds.
• The data provides quantifiable mechanistic evidence linking low birthweight to increased risk of type 2 diabetes.

Yan Song; Diabetologia, Dec 2014