High-Fructose Diet Alters Lipid Metabolism

Recent findings show that fructose can increase triglycerides and other risk factors for obesity, diabetes and CVD. "High fructose consumption is suspected to be causally linked to the epidemics of obesity and metabolic disorders," Dr. Luc Tappy, of the University of Lausanne, Switzerland, and colleagues write. "In rodents, fructose leads to insulin resistance and ectopic lipid deposition," they note. "In humans, the effects of fructose on insulin sensitivity remain debated, whereas its effect on ectopic lipids has never been investigated."

In a new study the researchers examined the effect of moderate fructose supplementation on insulin sensitivity and ectopic lipids in seven healthy male subjects at baseline, 1 week and 4 weeks.

The high-fructose diet resulted in significant (p < 0.05) increases in fasting plasma concentrations of VLDL-triacylglycerol (72%), total triacylglycerols (36%), and leptin (48%) within 1 week. Lactate increased after 2 weeks (49%), and glucose increased after 4 weeks (5.5%).

There were no significant effects on body weight, body composition, and mean blood pressure. No significant changes were observed in intrahepatocellular lipids, intramyocellular lipids or insulin sensitivity.

"An increase in plasma triglyceride may confer an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases, and this effect of fructose is concerning," cautioned Dr. Tappy in an interview with Reuters Health.

"Otherwise, we observed no effect on whole-body insulin sensitivity," muscle or hepatic lipids, he noted. "This may indicate that healthy lean individuals adapt their metabolism to an increased fructose intake."

The author noted that while healthy lean, young subjects appear to adapt to an increased fructose intake, this may not be true for other subgroups of individuals, based on factors such as genetics, age and weight.

"We are in the process of studying the effects of fructose in subgroups of individuals with a family history of type 2 diabetes (genetic factors), in overweight individuals, and in middle-aged individuals."

Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:1374-1379.

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