Insulin is an ancient hormone; it emerged early in evolution since the most primitive forms of vertebrates (extant lamprey and hagfish) evolving from insulin-like peptide genes, which are expressed in all multicellular animals. From an evolutionary point of view insulin facilitates survival in an environment where access to nutrients is discontinuous, erratic, and difficult, requiring the function of highly specialized tissues necessary to allow movement and appropriate reactions to external stimuli (i.e., skeletal muscle and nervous system). Insulin, in the fed state is secreted to stimulate glucose and amino acids uptake allowing the build-up of depots of glycogen, proteins and lipids, which are necessary to sustain the energy requirements during successive fasting.

Can probiotics improve A1c’s, plus much more?

LEADER showed liraglutide reduces risk of cardiovascular death, but latest study shows no benefit to high-risk patients.

Does obesity increase or decrease death rate?

Does diabetes cause cancer, or vice versa?

The American Diabetes Association recommends many non-pregnant adults with type 2 diabetes work to achieve an A1C = 7%. Which one of the following glycemic patterns would support this goal? A) Fasting glucose less than 70, postprandial glucose less than 140, mean plasma glucose less than 120-140 B) Fasting glucose less than 126, postprandial glucose less than 200, mean plasma glucose less than 180 C) Fasting glucose less than 130, postprandial glucose less than 180, mean plasma glucose less than 150 -160 D) Fasting glucose less than 130, postprandial glucose less than 200, mean plasma glucose less than 150 -160 Did you get it right? Follow the link to find out!

Would you like to see the FDA approve more treatments for prediabetes, rather than just diet and exercise? Follow the link to share your opinion!

Is the SGLT-2 inhibitor best used along with metformin, or is canagliflozin as a monotherapy a good choice?

ETC-1002 may offer new therapeutic option that does not decrease glycemic control.

Is there a best time to work out, based on circadian rhythms?