Michael Hill explains how the system works when a patient's blood glucose drops.

Dr. Stanley Schwartz asks and begins to answer the question: is insulin beneficial for the vasculature as well as the patient -- or not?

Linking molecular and metabolic regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism: Cross-talk between metabolism and molecular biology is an emerging mechanism of metabolic regulation and is particularly relevant to the control glucose metabolism in liver. Some transcription factors and nuclear receptors are activated in response to metabolites. During fasting lipid metabolites are released that activate PPARα and induce the gene expression of oxidative metabolism.

For many years, we never really gave great concern to the micro- and macrovascular problems in type 2 patients. Most of them were not diagnosed until they were in their late 50’s or early 60’s, and they did not really live long enough to develop severe problems. Now that diabetes …

Study shows age-related comorbidities decreased in males over 65 who take metformin.

Study looks at the heterogeneity of CKD in type 1 diabetes.

The risks may be outweighing the benefits, but only to a point.

Big changes to affect small vessels.

Proper training key to best results in both groups.

Race, socioeconomic status thought reasons behind lack of adherence to the recommendations.